World War Z: Movie vs Novel

Films dependent on books normally influence away from the one of a kind story the book tells and spotlights on the intended interest groups that effectively fall prey to shocking film adjustments and World War Z is no exemption. Hollywood motion pictures are about activity and spellbinding special visualizations so as to get the dimwitted watcher. There are numerous similitudes and contrasts between the book and the film. In any case, there are a larger number of contrasts than similitudes in light of the fact that the film is definitely not quite the same as the book.It is distinctive to the point that a few people would state the main closeness between the book composed by Max Brooks and the film coordinated by Marc Foster is the title, World War Z. Some key likenesses and contrasts is the means by which the US is depicted, how society changes, and how the story is told. Central Pictures, a film appropriation and delivering studio, is an American business. How is this important? An American organization wouldn’t make a special effort to make a film corrupting their nation and in the book, they do just that.In the book, America is first depicted as an arrogant nation that could deal with the zombie end times. In the end, when the contaminated began once again running urban areas, America chose to end it by taking guard. The US had cutting edge military innovation set up to ward off the crowd in any case; the contaminated despite everything had the option to overwhelm the military. This occasion was known as the Battle of Yonkers since it occurred in Yonkers, New York (Brooks 92). After this, America is wrecked and open trust in the administration was totally eliminated.This brought about the Great Panic, which was the point at which the world understood the genuine danger of the contaminated. Be that as it may, in the film, America is the saint and the guardian angel of the world. Gerry Lane, the UN questioner in the book, who happens to be American, di scovers how to spare them-selves from the zombies. He investigates that individuals with terminal sicknesses are disregarded by the contaminated and establishes that infusing himself with a dangerous pathogen would be the best â€Å"vaccine† they had. The film at that point shows how the American â€Å"hero† finds a â€Å"vaccine† and how the people presently can battle back.That is a really dumb thought and was never at any point referenced in the book. The main thing the book drew near to referencing an antibody was when Breckenridge â€Å"Breck† Scott made the medication called Phalanx which was nicknamed â€Å"the African Rabies Vaccine†(Brooks 54). Nonetheless, it ended up being only a trick that was utilized to terrify individuals into purchasing the medication so as to bring in speedy and income sans work. Regardless of the numerous ravenous and egotistical things America did in the book, they despite everything added to the world.They had t he option to make the Redeker plan which advised individuals to go north (Brooks 121). Going north caused the tainted to freeze and become fixed until the spring. They additionally in the long run skiped back in the book yet just to have a harsher domain, for example, increasingly crude disciplines, a substantially more remarkable president, and evacuee camps. The United States in the book is weak and broken however in the film they are legends of the zombie end of the world. The contaminated changed such huge numbers of parts of society, some great ways and some bad.Zombie end of the world or not, individuals will consistently exploit turmoil and do avaricious things. Individuals plundered, took, and even executed in a voracious way to guarantee their own endurance, overlooking others around them. Nonetheless, there are individuals in the story resolved to revamp society that have great hearts. Roy Elliot is a genuine case of this. He was an exceptionally fruitful film chief before the war and individuals thought his abilities were pointless during the war.However, he was resolved to figure out how to assist humankind. A. D. S, or Asymptomatic Demise Syndrome, was a condition that made individuals lose their will to live on in light of the fact that they thought it was miserable to battle and Roy Elliot needed to help individuals that had or was building up A. D. S by shooting mankind battling against the tainted and winning (Brooks 159). He conveyed those movies around camps and the A. D. S cases were dropping quick. He was effective in helping society despite the fact that he had abilities that nobody thought would be valuable. In any case, in the film, neither Roy Elliot nor A. D. S was mentioned.The just individuals that put exertion into remaking are Gerry Lane, the UN, and all the strategically located characters that happened to cross Gerry Lane’s way. Nonetheless, the film just occurred inside the Great Panic where the individuals had no data with the exception of that the dead ascent and execute the living and Gerry Lane and his family are really depicted as individuals who have no clue about what is happening and need to endure, much the same as others appeared in the film. In the film, there is where Gerry Lane and his family go to the grocery store since his child has asthma and they required medicine.This scene truly showed how society can separate very quickly. A cop is appeared in the scene however was there for egotistical reasons and the men that attempted to exploit Gerry Lane’s spouse through the disarray. In any case, through the turmoil, Gerry Lane meets a furnished young person that looks he is storing the medications yet he really is shielding the drug store from others that would utilize it for recreational purposes. Before the finish of the scene, Gerry Lane can get his medication yet the vehicle they took to the store had been taken so they needed to get to a highpoint so as to get safeguarded b y the UN.He is then welcomed by a Latino family that takes them in and gives them help.. Despite the fact that all the childishness appeared in the film the watcher gets the chance to see news reports that show individuals coordinating and cooperating to move beyond the zombie end times. Despite the fact that the film demonstrated it in a buzzword way, both the book and the film indicated the great and the awful individuals of society. A gigantic thing the film totally disregarded was the means by which the book introduced the story. The book is a progression of meetings. Every part is a meeting and is told in a first individual point of view of the individual being met with certain additions by the questioner (Brooks 1).The individuals that are met are individuals from all around the globe from various ethnicities to show the entire range of the zombie end times. Then again, the film is around one man and his excursion to discover the antibody to battle against the tainted. The fil m watcher has a smaller point of view of the end times since it shows the occasion through one man’s eyes as opposed to a scope of individuals. The book shows how crushing the end of the world truly is and how all the various individuals responded and managed the problems.The film might’ve not had the option to join each and every meeting from the book yet they could’ve effectively incorporated the critical meetings. Rather, the film chose to utilize only one man to recount to the narrative of the end of the world. The film sort of extended it excessively far when they sent small time everywhere throughout the world to show the condition of the Great Panic in different nations since they could have effortlessly done what the book did which was utilizing various individuals from various regions and perceive how they encountered the end of the world in their homes as opposed to a foreigner.Many people on web discussions state the film is a decent film in the event that you don’t consider it the book in light of the fact that Gerry Lane’s experiences give the watchers a lot of activity. In any case, if the film were to have the greater part of even only a portion of the critical meetings the film could have been more dangerous and activity pressed than the film could have ever been. Individuals that head out to see the motion pictures expecting an incredible adaption of the book may leave the film irate and betrayed.The film totally butchered a book that had so much potential. The film was attempting to interest the two perusers and non-perusers of the book however just engaged the non-perusers. The film adjustment is a better than average summer film in the event that you watch it either keeping the book crazy or you haven’t read the book. In the event that one needed to appreciate the experience of World War Z they should peruse the book and overlook a film at any point existed.

Solve all problems in 1 day Review Essay Example

Take care of all issues in 1 day Review Paper Article on Solve all issues in 1 day I mix through your book and figured, Who might give this book with such a moronic name. Take care of all issues in 1 day as it is present day! As of now tense loaded down with every one of these tips, plans, and other garbage. Indeed, thus self-assured lady on the spread! . In a word, it isn't known how he got me the book aggravated me. I even recollect, when taken her to peruse, yet proved unable, hurled aside. A book again got my attention, just in the hands dropped. I took it, flipped through, read a couple of pages from the center (as a rule I never do). A book is something and nothing! I read during the night. Also, by and large, I don't lament the time spent, how frequently is the situation when meeting with such writing. This is an assortment of short stories without professing to be good, that I for one essential to me. Present day applied brain science are so attached to discussing how it ought to be, yet quite a bit of their recommendation we definitely know. We frequently don't have a clue how to do it, how to dispose of their issues, edifices, and so forth. The writer of this little book doesn't offer guidance, however just tells a quite fascinating and, by the way !, elegantly composed biographies. What's more, the narratives are shifted to the point that numerous individuals will discover a reaction to them. On the off chance that you have not had a youngster prohindeev, at that point perhaps there was a young lady, nabivshaya nauseam his loving affection. In the event that you have a kid was not considering how to pull off without asking your preferred thing, at that point perhaps you irritated futile endowments that you give your companions, if just something to give. In any case, there are stories and increasingly significant. On the passing of friends and family, how and why we here and there don't have the opportunity to advise individuals near the most significant, the spirit and the soul. I was profoundly moved by the story told by a young lady understudy doctor, was available just because on a premature birth. Not simply the story, and the sonnet that feels this shocking yet unformed man, biomass: We will compose a custom exposition test on Solve all issues in 1 day Review explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Solve all issues in 1 day Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Solve all issues in 1 day Review explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Perhaps my heart is my mom, and didn't hear Perhaps my heart just hears God Im not crying precipitation tapping on the rooftop On the off chance that I just somebody to help Throughout the mid year will be the leaves, and in the spring buds, Just I will stay a drop of despairing. this is the story and named Solve all issues for 1 day. So perhaps try not to be in a rush?

Seven Handy Tools for Everyday Office Fixes

Seven Handy Tools for Everyday Office Fixes Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!Seven Handy Tools for Everyday Office FixesUpdated On 17/10/2019Author : Ram kumarTopic : BusinessShort URL : https://hbb.me/2BlX61z CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogAn office is run by people. Without managers, staff, and office workers, it can’t fulfill its function. But more than anything, it is a structure made of walls, studs, cement, wood, and glass. It is susceptible to damage, and the people who occupy it need to be equipped with the right tools to maintain small everyday office tasks.It’s important to keep a toolbox that contains essential tools that can be grabbed by any office worker whenever a small thing needs to be fixed in the office. This doesn’t necessarily have to be a toolbox. It can be a shelf, a cabinet, or even a whole storeroomâ€"that is, if you’re thinking of storing more handy tools. Check out these seven tools you can add to your colle ctive “office toolbox.”USB Docking StationSometimes you have more flash drives and gadgets than your computer’s built-in USB port can handle. This why a USB laptop docking station (or two) needs to be in your storage room. Companies such as video-production and advertising agencies are some of the organizations that can benefit from this tool.Stud FinderWhat happens when you get a new certification for your company? What about if your department is awarded a plaque or certificate for excellent work? You will mount that source of pride, of course. With that, you will need a stud finder to drill into a stud so that enough support can hold the things you want to hang or attach to the wall.DrillThis is a staple tool for any home, but offices need drills as much as any old home does. Perhaps a new shelf needs to be mounted for an influx of new documents. Perhaps a large bookshelf needs to be bolted into the wall to secure it better. That will be a difficult feat without a drill.Scr ews and ScrewdriverIf there is a need for a drill, then there is definitely a need for screws and screwdrivers. Any office will never run out of screws to tighten. There are also shelves to attach and pieces of furniture to assemble. If you have a screwdriver in your office toolbox, then you’re already half saved.READContent Curation: What You Need To KnowLeveling ToolsHow many people have jagged perception? Those are the people who, for the life of them, could not form a decent straight line. For office workers, especially interns or new hires who are always on the task of building and putting up things for their superiors, leveling tools such as rulers, levels, and tape measures are lifesavers.Allen WrenchAllen wrenches or keys are used to tighten bolts and screws that have hexagonal sockets in their heads. Yes, screwdrivers can do the job, but the Allen wrench can be quite handy as well, especially with office furniture. This is a suitable addition to your office toolbox and ca n be handy in various office situations.Electric Lockpick GunUse this tool only when absolutely necessary. A meeting room was locked, and the keys are nowhere to be found? An employee is stuck in a room because the lock was jammed? There are so many instances in an office where an electronic lockpick gun can be of use. Just be sure that you get a proper tutorial before using it.These may be just small and simple tools, but keeping them in the office can at least make office workers feel a little bit at ease. There is a certain calm and satisfaction in knowing you can have something to grab whenever you are faced with some small inconvenience involving office things. They can even get you through a hard day.If your office already has this useful assemblage in one of your storage rooms, then that would be great. You just have to think about what’s missing in your toolbox. If you still haven’t, then let this be a sign that you should start storing screwdrivers and docking stations now.

Operational Management Jit - 820 Words

Question One - Prime Bank of Massachusetts Part 1 The operations function is important in implementing the strategy of an organisation because the business strategy only defines the long term plans for the company, whereas the operations function focuses on specific competitive priorities in order to meet the organisations long term plan. Prime Bank of Massachusetts had decided on a long term plan for the bank focusing on customer services and they needed the operations function to implement this long term plan through planning control systems, workers and quality. Problems such as not having enough phone lines for the 24 hours customer service could cause customers to become irritated if they cannot get through on the phone and†¦show more content†¦Part 3 If the banks strategy was cost cutting instead of supporting customer service the banks whole strategy would be very different. The bank would try to cut cost everywhere such as the tellers in the drive through lanes may be replaced with automatic machines. Customers would be encouraged to use banking on line as again the bank could reduce the number of workers which would cut the staffing costs. When competing on cost organisations my invest in automation to reduce unit costs, use lower skill labour and limit product range and offer little customisation. (Class Notes – Chapter 2, Operations Management) Question Two Part 1 Total Costs D=15600 Q=1300 S=40 H=13.75 = = = Total annual costs of the present ordering policy for part no 650810/ss/R9/0 is â‚ ¬9417.50 Part 2 Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) EOQ = D=15600 S=40 H=13.75 = = = = 301.27 EOQ = 300 Part 3 Total Costs using EOQ D=15600Show MoreRelatedKey Term : Just For Time Productions Or Systems1198 Words   |  5 PagesKey Term: â€Å"Just-in-time productions or systems† Operational efficiency it s significant across all levels of manufacturing goods. 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Which of the following statements about learning curves is generally TRUE? a. management can dictate achievement of a certain rate of learning. b. learning curves were first quantified by Frank Lillian Gilbreth. c. using the â€Å"doubling† model, a learning curve of 70% means the 20th unit takes 70% of the time that the 10th unit will take. d. learning curves are a recognition of the concept that the cost of each produced unit usually decreases with experience. 2. Which of the followingRead MoreAutoliv1082 Words   |  5 Pagesdefects, etc (Krajewski, Ritzman, Malhotra, 2013). The four main items that will be discussed regarding Autoliv is as follows: †¢ Why visual management is a big part of Autoliv’s lean system. †¢ How the just in time (JIT) considerations are related to Autoliv. †¢ Method of work flow †¢ Operational and Implementation issues Visual Management Visual management is when a visual aid/device promotes more efficient and less wasteful processes. As mentioned in the text, a visual aid methodology that is

An Age Of Creativity And Innovation - 1834 Words

The 1920’s and 30’s were an age of creativity and innovation. New improvements were especially common in the art of film-making. Animation in film was introduced. Walt Disney, through his innovations in color, realistic designs, and use of sound, revolutionized the motion picture animation industry. Walter Disney was born December 5, 1901, in Chicago, Illinois, to Elias and Flora Disney. He had four older brothers, Herbert, Raymond and Roy, and a younger sister, Ruth. The Disney family moved to a farm near the small town of Marceline, Missouri, when Walt was four years old. Walt started drawing as a very young boy, often getting him into some kind of trouble. His family was on the move again, and made their new home in Kansas City in†¦show more content†¦The war ended before he could get to France, but Walt was still sent overseas to aid in the occupation. While in France, Walt continued drawing on any surface he could. He returned to Chicago October 11, 1919. (Gabbler 9-11, 29-39; Barrier 9, 17-23) Walt’s father, Elias had lived a hardworking life, entailing much physical labor. Walt wanted no part of it. Soon, Walt returned to Chicago, and moved in with his brothers in Kansas City. He applied for a job at the Star, the local newspaper that he had delivered for as a boy, but was rejected. Walt then tried for an apprenticeship with Pesmen-Rubin Commercial Art Studio and was hired. The job lasted for only a month. After getting laid off, Walt went into business with Ub Iwerks, who had also worked for Pesmen-Rubin. Their small firm made around $135 the first month, working out of a garage full of drawing boards and airbrushes. Later, Walt accepted a job for Kansas City Film Ad while Iwerks stayed with Iwerks-Disney. However, Iwerks-Disney quickly fizzled, as Iwerks was unable to run the business by himself. â€Å"†¦the equivalent of today’s television commercials. Disney dated the start of his career in motion pictures t o February 1920, the month he became a Film Ad employee.† (Barrier 25) Film Ad’s animation style used cut-out figures that had manipulative joints and series of pictures would be taken, the cut-out moving a little bit each time. This method was obviously different

Why Philosophy, Sociology, and Psychology of Education...

Education is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Moreover, education can develop human being to gain the ability, knowledge, and personality. Thus, the study in foundation of education context provides three significant roles such as philosophy, sociology, and psychology of education. The philosophy of education studies the aims, forms, methods, and results of acquiring knowledge. Beside these, philosophy of education applies to the process and a field of study. The sociology of education is the study of educational structures, processes, and practices from a sociological perspective. It has illustrated the conception of enter-relation between education and society. Hence, Educational psychology in turn notifies of specialty within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational lear ning, special education and classroom management. All of the three elements of education contribute each benefit for young’s abilities, knowledge, and personality. At First, people need to take knowledge of educational philosophy especially young people. And philosophy of education is important for young people for it provides the basis of education such as values, aims, and objectives. As human being, before we are going to do something, we have to set up a plan or make a clear goal in order toShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesPearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc

Cases and Materials in Company Law

Question: Discuss about the Cases and Materials in Company Law. Answer: Introduction: The doctrine of separate legal identity of the company is a basic principle of the law and that is applicable in most parts of the world. In accordance with this principle, the law treats a corporation as a distinct entity that is separate from its members. The rule of the separate identity of a company can be found throughout the company law and there are widespread practical and theoretical implications of this doctrine of company law. In the present assignment, the concept of separate legal identity will be evaluated and at the same time, the decision given Salomon's case will also be examined. However this examination will be made in view of the statement according to which the doctrine of corporate entity is like a boomerang and it can also give back the person who is trying to use it. Therefore, with the above applicable case law, the principle of separate legal identity of company has been evaluated and at the same time, the limits that have been placed on corporate entity hav e also been examined. Generally it is said that the doctrine of corporate entity is a double-edged sword. The court had illustrated the doctrine of separate entity in the case titled R v Arnaud (1846). The brief facts of this case are that a registering authority had refused to register a ship due to the reason that some foreigners were among the owners of the ship. The owner of the ship was a British chartered company but its members included some foreigners. In this case, the court made in order that they registering authority should register the ship on the grounds that owner of the ship was the British company instead of members (Farrar, 1998). However the landmark decision related with the principle of separate entity is considered as decision given Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd (1896). In this case, the separate identity of the company was confirmed and a company has to be treated as having a distinct legal personality. The very facts of this case are that the Salomon had sold his shoe business to the company that was created by him under the Companies Act. The company was registered under the Act and the members of the company were Mr. Salomon and the members of his family. Particularly, fully paid shares and debentures were received by Mr. Salomon up to the value of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¡10,000 and later on, he assigned them to another party. After some time, the business of the company declined and the company went into insolvency. The liquidators tried to hold Mr. Salomon responsible for the debts of the company and it was argued by them that the transaction was a fraud committed on the creditors of the company and therefore, Mr. Salomon should not be allowed by the law to benefit from the transaction. At the same time, it was also argued by the liquidator that the compa ny was merely an agent of Mr. Salomon and therefore, Mr. Salomon is required to indemnify the company as well as its creditors. However while deciding the case, the House of Lords arrived at the decision that the Salomon did not have any liability towards the company nor to its creditors. But in this regard, it needs to be noted that in this case, the House of Lords has not really only decided that Salomon Co. was a company that has been duly incorporated according to the Companies Act, 1862 (UK) although the seven shareholders of the company were not truly independent. However all the statutory requirements mentioned in this regard have been satisfied as the company had seven shareholders. In view of the decision given by the House of Lords in this case, the following four points follow from the proposition that the companies that have been duly incorporated, enjoyed a separate legal identity. These are that the property of the company is company's property and similarly the debt of the company is also the debt of the company. Similarly, the company can enter into a contract with its members and outsiders and torts and crimes can be committed by the companies. The above-mentioned four points have been reasserted in a number of cases. Similarly, arguments can be given in favor of as well as against the decision given in Salmon's case. It also needs to be noted that by applying the principle of separate entity, only beneficial effects have been produced for the shareholders however, the application of this principle may result in a disadvantage for the third parties, particularly the creditors of the company (Sealy, 1996). Therefore, in several situations, the courts and the legislature have intervened where the application of the principle of separate entity can be abused or where the application of this principle may result in unjust consequences. This is called the lifting of the corporate veil. The application of this principle does not mean that suddenly the company is considered as not being incorporated but the meaning of this principle is that the fact of the incorporation of a company will be ignored by the court in order to decide in certain circumstances that in case of a particular transaction, it has been decided by the court or the legislature that the will not be considered as having a distinct identity (Pennington, 1995). The decision is always difficult for the courts whether to lift the corporate veil in a particular case or not. In such a case, the court has to decide where the loss should lie. As discussed above in Salmon's case and also in Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd (1961), if by simply applying the principle of separate entity, may cause extreme results. With the passage of time, the courts have moved away from the strict application of the principle provided in Salmon's case in order to deal with the difficult situations so that they can adopt a more int erventionist approach while trying to achieve justice under certain circumstances. On the basis of the above mentioned the decision, it can be said that the courts may decide to pierce the veil of incorporation under the following circumstances. For example in case of a fraud or sham, the court may decide to guess the corporate veil (Adams v Cape Industries Plc., (1990). Such a situation takes place when the principle of separate legal entity has been used by the individuals for doing something which they have personally bound to do. In the same way, the court may decide to pierce the veil if the Court has recognized an agency relationship. When the subsidiary has been treated as an agent of the holding company, the court may be as the veil and in this way, say that the holding company is liable for the debts of the subsidiary. Apart from the two main circumstances that have been mentioned above, the court may also decide to pierce the corporate veil in cases like the evasion of legal obligations or paramount public interest (Gilford Motor Company Ltd v Horne, 1933 ). Therefore it can be said that the corporate veil can be lifted by the courts and the principle of separate legal entity can be ignored by the records and justice requires the court to do so. In the end, it can be said that the principal that has been established by the court in Salmon's case can be considered as a double-edged sword. Numerous debates have been going on regarding this principle and therefore the question is also often raised if the positive effects of this principle overweigh the negative effects, has not been answered yet due to the reason that it is far too broad (Jones v Lipman, 1962). However despite facing criticism, it can be said regarding the principle of separate entity that this principle has played an important role in developing modern capitalism and at the same time, this principle has also helped in generating social and economic wealth. At the same time, it can also be said that the principle of separate entity enjoys a very significant position under the company law and this situation should never be changed. In certain cases, the circumstances can be quite complex and as a result, if the principle of separate entity is applied strictly, it may result in apparently unfair results. However with a view to defend justice in some cases, the legislature is required to forge a sledgehammer that can crack open the corporate shell. It has also been stated that without a statutory assistance generally the courts have shown their readiness to lift the corporate veil and impose liability on the members and the directors of the corporation. Therefore, the principle of separate legal identity has been ignored by the courts in the number of cases, for example when it is of paramount significance to protect the interests of the public or where the company has been formed only with a view to evade legal obligations. References Farrar John H, 1998, Farrar's company law, 4th ed., London: Butterworth. Pennington Robert R., 1995, Company Law, 7th ed., Butterworths. Sealy LS, 1996 Cases and Materials in Company Law, 6th ed., Butterworths. Adams v Cape Industries Plc (1990) Ch 443. Gilford Motor Company Ltd v Horne [1933] Ch 935. Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832. Lee v Lee's Air Farming Ltd [1960] UKPC 33. R v Arnaud (1846) 9 QB 806. Salomon v Salomon Co Ltd [1896] UKHL 1.

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Essay Example

Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles Paper Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles is one of the key persons who are responsible to the founding of modern Singapore. He played an important role in forming a British Settlement, Singapore, in the Melaka straits despite facing rejections, such as Dutch or even resistance in London itself. He is a controversial person even in his time. Hence there is no doubt that there are lots of information about him and founding of Singapore in the internet. However, how do we assess these websites for its appropriateness towards scholarly research is the main objective of this essay. According to The Sheridan Libraries an appropriate source for scholarly research would have information such as â€Å"authorship, publishing body, point of view, referral to other sources, verifiability and currency† . In the case of internets sources, at least we could have an idea who is the author and a way to contact, such as telephone or email, to clarify the information provided in the internet or even arranged an interview. The first source regarding Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles and the founding of Singapore which I’m going to examine is taken from Wikipedia. Let just put aside for a moment the authorship and verifiability of the passage, and for a moment assume it is what it is. Wikipedia provides a very detailed explanation of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. The information in Wikipedia is like a series of events that arranged chronologically. This is by far a more interesting and captivating way for the readers. Nonetheless, the events and points that provided by Wikipedia are also very broad. The general impression that I gained, from Wikipedia, that summarize who Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles was, was a hardworking, wise, fair, rational and both lucky and unfortunate person. We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When I read the passage, I generally felt that all he had done were good things. He was a very hardworking child, despite the early death of his father. He was lucky enough to be hired by East India Company and had the opportunity to expose himself to South East Asia, and based on his talent, picked up the native language, Malay, and good enough to impress the Governor to promote him as a Resident of Java at the age of 30. He abolished slave system, led an expedition to restore Borobudur, replaced Dutch forced agriculture system with land tenure, founded a more administrative Singapore and throughout the end, I elt sorry with his early death and his lost of family members. All the events are centralizing in the goodness of Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles. However, aren’t these very subjective opinions from a historical point of view? In the passage, it mentioned â€Å"considered Farquhar unfit for the position of Resident, so Raffles took direct control with a heavy hand. † The Wikipedia source didn’t really stated why William Farquhar was unfit for the position. Did he done something wrong that suffer the indigenous people? Did he make a lost in financial during his tenure? We may get some answer for these questions from how well the author think Singapore did as soon as the take over from British until the return of Raffles at year 1822 base on the paragraph â€Å"†¦as Singapore grew at an exponential rate, the Dutch gave up their claim on the island†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This in certain account created ambivalence from the author, and let just assume what both lines are true. Maybe the author is trying to tone down the confrontation between Farquhar and Raffles. By providing a reason for the discord, which reasonably present with a glim, it seems what Raffles did is reasonable. Besides that, under the â€Å"Founding of Singapore† session in the Wikipedia source, Farquhar was only credited for securing of British possession in the Riao’s area. This is by far had neglected his role in the founding of Singapore. The second source that I am going to examine is a website from USP, NUS. Once again, put aside verifiability and authorship. Let examine the passage’s point of view towards Raffles and the founding of Singapore. The passage gave a more general view of Raffles. At least at the first glance of the passage, I won’t have a feeling that he is almighty. Just take an example, â€Å"†¦Raffles became a subject of controversy and a target of attack, from British as well as Dutch adversaries. To some, Raffles was an admired reformer, who wanted to abolish the slave trade, and ameliorate the lot of the people. To others, he was simply a young and ambitious schemer. † This paragraph gives me a feeling that he is a controversial figure even during his time. The word â€Å"ambitious schemer† also reflects that he may not be as pure as a saint. All these that I have mentioned, didn’t come to me when I was reading the source from Wikipedia. With these, in certain account, there is a different in objectivity of the author of these two sources. Besides that, â€Å"it was Farquhar who worked alongside the Malay rulers for four years to secure the survival and growth of the British settlement on Singapore Island†¦Ã¢â‚¬  gives a general account on what Farquhar had contributed to the development of Singapore. This just gives me an impression of what Singapore was at that time, and it was definitely not the sole contribution and hard work of Raffles. The source did mention an outline of the life of Raffles. The author did give a high regards on Raffles effort to abolish slavery. This can be showed â€Å"He held strongly to moral principles on the dignity and equality of human beings † . Besides that, the source also mentions two important names in the founding of Singapore, William Farquhar and Dr John Crawfurd, and credited them as â€Å"The Founders of Colonial Singapore† . This source gives an alternative view of who were possible founders, or who had at least contributed to the radical founding of early Singapore. With these additional information provided, Raffles is not the only one credited with the establishment of early Singapore and thus gives a more objective view of early history of Singapore under British possession. The third source I’m going to examine is from suit101 . This passage gives a general overview of Raffles and his involvement in Singapore. This source is a summary of his early life, his career, and also how it links to the founding of Singapore. Compare to the first two sources, this source is comparatively less detailed information. For example, â€Å"Following the hallowed English tradition of divide and conquer, Raffles and his successors †¦Ã¢â‚¬  The source didn’t mention about who are the other successor. Is it Farquhar? Is it John Crawfurd? Or is it somebody else? This source gives a very subjective view towards Raffles, â€Å"Raffles continued to enjoy a long and celebrated career in imperial administration. † How does the author know the feelings of Raffles despite so many obstacles in his tenure as stated in the first and second source? Before I choose one of these sources to be an appropriate source for scholarly historical research, let me examine the authorship of these three sources. The source from Wikipedia, apparently is edited by not a few but a lot of authors. Just a brief view in the â€Å"history† link in the wikipedia webpage toolbar, there is approximate 500 entries of editorial in the Stamford Raffles site and still counting. In some account, base on the large amount of authors, contradictory may occur and there maybe a more objective viewpoint regarding the topic, â€Å"†¦emergence of resonance will only come after experiencing some dissonance. However, this is not an appropriate source for scholarly historical research mainly because of its multi-authorship and anonymous authorship. How can we verify the source when there are anonymous authors? Meanwhile, the second source from USP weblink, was the work of an associate professor in the History Department of NUS. The author is highly qual ified and contactable. Finally, the last source, it was also from a single author, John Walsh from Mahidol University International College. In terms of verifiability, the second and third source provides a direct contact name and title to verify the content or for further research. However for the first source, Wikipedia, if the readers have any doubt of the source, they have little chance to clarify with the author. There is no direct contact number and there is little chance of knowing the name, beside username of the author or even anonymous authorship. However as an ordinary user, we can raise the mistakes in the content to the webmaster, rise in discussion or edit the page. Finally, regarding citation, both sources from Wikipedia and John Walsh didn’t provide any; presumably every word is directly from the author. Source from the USP and Wikipedia, did provide references. In certain extend, this provides the readers a way for further research of the topic. This helps the reader to verify the points and facts in the source too. In Wikipedia, the â€Å"general look† is more appealing, with pictures of Stamford Raffles and well credit where the picture’s origin. The more user appealing part of Wikipedia is its usage of Wiki software to develop its webpage, and this may be a good start for newbies and for background reading â€Å"†¦wikis should not take authoritative, but can relied upon for ‘background reading’. After assessing the qualities of these websites, source from the USP website regarding Stamford Raffles and founding of Singapore is an appropriate source for scholarly historical research. This is due to its authorship; it provides a name and a title from the author, and it ensures verifiability. The publishing body, which is the NUS website, is a well ma intained and contactable publishing body. The details provided in the source are sufficient for a person to understand Stamford Raffles and the founding of Singapore reasonably well. It also provides other possible founders or contributors to the founding of Singapore. As a conclusion, it has all the attributes of an appropriate source for scholarly historical research. Bibliography Elizabeth E. Kirk, â€Å"Evaluating Information Found on the Internet†, Sheridan Libraries (1996), 8 February 2008, http://www. library. jhu. edu/researchhelp/general/evaluating/ â€Å"Stamford Raffles†, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (10 Aug. 2004), 17 February 2008, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Stamford_Raffles Ernest C. T. Chew. The Founders of Colonial Singapore†, USP (12 October 2002), 17 February 2008, http://www. usp. nus. edu. sg/post/singapore/history/chew/founders. html John Walsh, â€Å"Raffles: Sir Stamford Raffles and the Founding of Singapore. † Suit101 (9 Jan 2004). 8 February 2008, http://www. suite101. com/article. cfm/east_asian_history/105792/1 Alvin Tan Peng Hong, â€Å"Allowing Dissonance†, The H istory Journal (1998), p. 14 Leslie Goh, â€Å"Share your knowledge or ignorance†, Straits Times (17 October 2006), 7 March 2007, http://news. independent. co. uk/world/americas/article2331980. ece Stephen Foley, â€Å"Wikipedia Hits An Identity Crisis As Student Admits Posing As Professor†, 2007 Independent News And Media Limited (7 March 2007) Noam Cohen, â€Å"A History Department Bans Citing Wikipedia As Research Source†, The New York Times (21 February 2007), 2 March 2007, http://www. nytimes. com/2007/02/21/ education/21wikipedia Marshall Poe, â€Å"The Hive†, The Atlantic Monthly (September 2006), 6 January 2007, http://www. theatlantic. com/doc/print/200609/wikipedia Stacy Schiff, â€Å"Can Wikipedia Conquer Experts†, The New Yorker (24 July 2006), 31 July 2006, http://www. newyorker. com/printables/fact/060731fa_fact

An Inside Look at Off-shoring IT Jobs

An Inside Look at Off-shoring IT Jobs An Inside Look at Off-Shoring IT Jobs"In offshore jobs people are hired for an external organization to perform some business functions in a country other than the one where the product or service is traded or consumed", according to Bibby International services (Offshore). Forrester Research, a technology-consulting firm, indicates that by the year 2015, roughly 3.3 million United States (U.S.) based jobs in Information Technology (IT) will move offshore (Wright). Estimations by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) show potential savings from outsourced jobs to reach 21 billion dollars by 2008 (Wright). However, it is also estimated between 2001 and 2005, U.S. workers lost 80,000 IT jobs to off-shoring (Wright).Outsourcing jobs in IT to other countries is a rapidly growing industry as companies continue to look for employment outlets that are cheaper, faster, and sometimes more skilled. Benefits of off-shoring IT jobs cannot be denied, but there are risks associa ted as well.English: An Indian call centerThere have been varied stories of success and failure in recent years as off-shoring becomes more popular. Deciding upon a service provider for one's outsourcing and the type of service needed are essential. Therefore, it is pertinent that a company has an understanding of the types of services offered and how to manage them. It is also important for businesses to research the qualifiers of the offshore provider they choose before making a decision in order to prevent issues or problems.Off-shoring jobs in IT is not an overnight phenomenon; it is years in the making. Off-shoring IT jobs became a growing trend in the late 1990's and continues to be a topic of debate. Many proponents argue the financial benefits, while objectors claim that too many U.S. Americans are losing their jobs. Yet, most major U.S. companies are developing business plans that include outsourcing jobs.

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment - Essay Example At the end of the program, a gala was to be held, and the other competing schools-and in essence, companies-would gather for a competition to showcase what type of company they operated, how they operated and awards were up for grab for: The most profitable company. The best financially kept/managed company. Leadership award. The best overall company. Yes, visions can indeed be negative. In as far as visions are what we see as the situation in the future and this being the only drive necessitating changes towards realizing it, and in resting the job of creating the vision solely in the hands of â€Å"the leader† then certainly, visions can be negative. What is desirable is different from what is not desirable. Most firms focus on what they are to avoid rather what they aim to achieve (Senge 2006). The source of visions is primarily centered on the aims and preference of the particular individual generating it in lieu of the prevailing conditions in the operative environment. A leader that is cut off from the world can lead to development of visions that are impaired. The substance of that vision in particular can be extremely retrogressive and archaic as was the case in leaders such as Adolph Hitler. In the Company project, I was privileged to have worked on two fronts: Firstly, as a sales man and secondly as a human resource manager. It was ironic indeed, and rather vaguely clear to my fellow company members as to the excisions of my duties in both capacities. However, to me it was a chance to bring about the skills of adaptability-integrating both my outstanding leadership skills with my ability to work as part of the team (Woodcock 2007). A paradigm shift in my life occurred when I got the opportunity, shortly after the conclusion of the Company program, to form part of the team representing Kenya in an exchange program between Kenya and the Nederland. This opportunity opened my view on a lot of major aspects of my life, certainly culturally. The exch ange program introduced me to cultures of 3 European nations namely France, Belgium and the Nederland. My view of the world was immensely enriched, and the sight and first-hand experience of life in a developed society cannot be matched with any other in my life. I now understood what local policy makers meant with â€Å"development geared towards pushing the country into a developed nation†. Communication skill is certainly my strongest point. The ability to articulate thoughts, ideas and arguments in a manner that enriches discussions, induces and sustains action is by far my greatest asset. I believe strongly in the right of individuals over any matter; that one must speak up and rationally express their choice both in speech and in action. Historically, the very action of dissent has proved time and again as the driver of change. For where there is dissent, comes change; with change progress comes (Woodcock 2007). Again from a personal experience during the Company progra m, indeed both the shareholders and the executive board were against my dual role position. Claim that it would affect the performance of the team as a whole on either ends was my constant fear. Such difference in opinion and stiff resistant only served to strengthen my desire for the jobs. Clear explanations on how you plan to perform your duties, how they integrate with the overall team effort and providing a mechanism against which performance can be assessed

Ethical issues in regards to social work Case Study

Ethical issues in regards to social work - Case Study Example In his personal point of view he has to inform the lady about the matter as he knows the lady and moreover it is a case against human values and morality. However, as per the professional ethics, the practitioner is not supposed to confide the things the client says to him and besides he has to do as much favour to the client. But it is said that if a problem becomes a great threat to the society the social worker has to maintain the social aspects of it and should work for it without discriminating the client. Therefore, it is imperative that the clinician has not only the â€Å"ethical responsibility to maintain the privacy and confidentiality of clients† but also â€Å"to practice within the confines of the law and in an ethical manner† (Corbin 2007). As evident, the social worker is here taken up by two ethical problems- personal and professional. The personal ethics tend him to speak this to the lady at once but the professional ethics pushes him into a dilemma and so he becomes reluctant to speak to the lady. If he speaks to the lady he violates the rule of confidentiality with the client. The code of ethics for National Association of Social Workers state that â€Å"social workers should protect the confidentiality of all information obtained in the course of professional service, except for compelling professional reasons†; however, it is not applicable â€Å"when disclosure is necessary to prevent serious, foreseeable, and imminent harm to a client or other identifiable person.† (School Shootings: Ethical & Confidentiality Boundary Issues). Therefore, in the given case, the clinician can disclose the information to prevent the imminent harm that will be done to the girl. However, as the professionalism stresse s confidentiality, the social worker here can also work hard to make the client realise the problems involved in his marriage. By marrying the lady he, not

The Effects of Punishment and Sentencing Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Punishment and Sentencing Essay When a defendant is sentenced, there are philosophical reasons behind this sentencing. The four basic reasons are rehabilitation, deterrence, retribution, and incapacitation. Because this process is sensitive, guidelines have been made to ensure that presumptive sentences are mandatory. Rehabilitation is considered one of the most humane goal of punishment. There are different ways a judge can impose a rehabilitation sentence. For example, a young woman is arrested for public drunkenness. The judge could sentence the young woman to 10 days in jail or reprimand her to a 28-day program for the alcohol charge. The second philosophical reason for sentencing is deterrence. To deter is to encourage something through fear. In this case, if you fear losing your freedom, one is encouraged to obey the law. Deterrence not only looks for retribution but also looks to punish the defendant to a point whereas they would not have a desire to commit another crime. Deterrence can take two forms, general and specific. The general deterrence punishes the criminal, dissuading them from committing the same crime. The specific deterrence expects that a harsh sentencing will prevent the offender from committing any future activity. There are some questions regarding general deterrence. Because it assumes that, a person will commit a crime after rationalizing the pros and cons. This theory proves to be false with adolescences. Incapacitation is another amongst the four philosophies. This form of punishment is not interested in providing resources to eliminate criminal activity. This form wants to incarcerate the defendant and keep them that way for as long as possible. This is one way to ensure that the defendant is not committing any crimes. However, studies have shown that once released, an offender is more likely to commit a crime than before they were incarcerated. Finally yet importantly is retribution. This philosophy states that if a person commits a crime than he or she should be punished based on the degree  of the crime. This relies on the principle of just deserts which says that a criminal deserves to be punished. Retribution is not the same as revenge it is a way of paying society back. Sentencing is not an easy task for a judge, but legislative laws have made it a little easier. Legislatures are responsible for determining the length of the sentence as they are for making the law. They have also created penal codes as a guideline; one of them is to determinate sentencing. If the defendant is sentenced to one year in jail then that defendant must do a year minus the good time. As an example, a defendant is sentenced to a year but may only have to do eight months based on their good behavior. Indeterminate sentencing sets a minimum and a maximum amount of time that a criminal must serve. For instance if a defendant was sentenced to 10 15 years, he or she would have to serve at least 10 years, before being considered for parole. Legislatures have passed the truth in sentence law as well. It requires that serious crime offenders must complete 85% of their sentence, without good time conditions. The final decision is based on the judge. The primary factor is the behavior of the defendant and or the severity of the crime. There are circumstances as expected, this is why there are two rules, and they are aggravating and mitigating. A harsh sentence can be ruled under aggravating circumstances or a lesser one can be ruled if the circumstances are mitigating. A judge considers other factors as well regarding the sentence guideline such as mandatory sentence and habitual offender laws. Mandatory sentence states that a judge must not deviate from setting form standards. The habitual offender law states if a person commits a felony, their 3rd time for sentencing should be harsh. Debates surrounding capital punishment have advocates stating they just want criminals to be punished based in their crimes (just desert). While those who oppose say, their method is just an act of revenge. Nuechterlein (2000) describes vengeance as punishment inflicted in retaliation for an injury or  offense, he says if you consider that, any punishment towards a crime constitutes as vengeance. I do not agree with this authors concept; however, I understand his point of view. The other article that I viewed opposed the death penalty. The authors pointed out the methods used for capital punishment are cruel and unusual and violate the Eight Amendment. Kaverny (2008) cruel and unusual punishment satisfies the desire for private vengeance. We are all inclined to evaluate harms to ourselves and our loved ones are more deserving of a punishment, than injury to others. This debate influences decisions for punishment because many states believe that if they continue to hand out the death penalty, crime will decrease. References Kaveny, C. (Feb 15, 2008). Justice or vengeance: is the death penalty cruel unusual? (Columnist) (Essay). Commonweal. 135.3 9(1). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from Apollo library http://galegroup.comNuechterlein, J. (2000). Capital Punishment Deserves Caution Support Current Controversies: Capital Punishment. Greenhaven press. Opposing Viewpoints Center. Retrieved April 27, 2009 from Apollo library http://galegroup.com

The Web and Education Essay -- Teaching Learning Technology Papers

The Web and Education I read somewhere that everybody on this planet is separated by only six other people. Six degrees of separation. Between us and everybody else on this planet.(1) —John Guare The Chronicle of Higher Education recently reported that Internet researchers at the University of Notre Dame (Barabà ¡si, Albert, and Jeong, 1999) discovered that, on average, due to the hypertext links, any two Web pages are only 19 clicks away from each other. The research loosely follows the earlier work of Stanley Milgram, a social psychologist at Yale University. In the 1960s, Milgram demonstrated that any two individuals were linked by five mutual acquaintances. It was this theory about human relationships that the character Ouisa reflects upon in John Guare's famous play Six Degrees of Separation in the quote above.(2) Like the intricate web of human relationships, the Notre Dame researchers' 19 clicks of separation theory poses an interesting notion about the potentiality of Web pages and their complex inter-relationships. As the number of Web pages grows phenomenally, it's not hard to imagine that the information and knowledge you are seeking in your research and education may one day be only five clicks away from where you start surfing on the Web. It is precisely the vast interconnectivity of the Web that makes it an especially intriguing new education medium or tool. Consequently, the Web is emerging as an important and potentially primary infrastructure for any time, any place learning in the future. Many higher education institutions in the US are already eagerly jumping on the Web bandwagon. According Khan in the preface of a recent textbook on Web-Based Instruction (Khan, 1996): †¦the Int... ...2-bin/printable.cgi Kilian, Crawford (1998). F2F Why Teach Online, Educom Review (p. 31-34). Nardi, Bonnie A. and O'Day, Vicki L. (1999). Chapter Four: Information Ecologies. Information Ecologies: using Technology with Heart. [On-line]. Available: http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issure4_5/nardi_chapter4.html Oliver, Ron; Herrington, Jan; and Omari, Arshad. (1996) Creating Effective Instructional Materials for the World Wide Web. [On-line]. Available http://www.scu.edu.au/sponsored/ausweb/ausweb96/educn/oliver/ Oppenheimer, Todd. (1997). The Computer DELUSION. The Atlantic Monthly. [On-line]. Available: http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/97jul/computer.htm Ryder, Martin and Wilson, Brent. (1996) Affordances and constraints of the internet for learning and instruction. [On-line]. Available: http://wwcudenver.edu/~mryder/aect_96.html

Project Management E-Mail Essay

Recommendation for Piper Industries Corporation Project Management Dear Project Manager: After reviewing the information that was provided in a previous email regarding the three projects coded, Juniper, Palomino and Stargazer, I believe it will be more beneficial for the company to use the Palomino project. In my personal analysis, with the Juniper project, there is just too much low risk with completion on time, and with the Stargazer Project, although forecasted ROI within the next three years looks promising, there is potential of extra costs, questions of how familiar the customer will be with the final product and not sure if it is worth the high risk of completion. I arrived to the decision of using the Palomino Project using the feasibility study method. Further analysis showed that it just made more sense for the company to use the Palomino approach because it answered all of the questions concerning Return On Investment, the risk involved to complete the project, and more important is the benefit overall to the company. Using the same method with the other two projects did not present the same information. WWW.projectinsight.net defines management as â€Å"the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to a broad range of activities in order to meet the requirements of a particular project.† (Project Insight, 2014). The process is further divided into 5 phases: 1. Conception and Initiation – This phase is the bringing thought to paper or is the creation of the project, making sure it is realistic and is something that will benefit the organization. 2. Definition and Planning – This phase is where the plan is put together, this is where the team develops the blueprint of the project, resources, costs and setting priorities. 3. Launch and Execution – In this phase the tasks are further defined and assigned to specific team members for action. 4. Performance and Control – In this phase, project managers  will check progress and status against the plan to see if project is progressing as plan and make necessary adjustments if necessary to en sure the project stays on target. 5. Close – In this phase, the project manager assesses the final outcome of the project to make sure it met expectations that was originally planned from the beginning. This where the project manager will also conduct evaluation of what transpired during this project and highlight specific successes and lessons learned during the process of completing this project. Key Deliverables The key deliverables for the Palomino Project are as follow: Introducing a new line of widgets, that will include enhancements. There is existing technology that will be used for these new enhancements and by doing so will help the company long term by investing capital in other areas and benefiting from the Return on Investment from this project. Reference Project Insight. (2014). 5 Basic Phases of Project Management. Retrieved from http://www.projectinsight.net/project-management-basicss

Henry Viiis Succession Acts - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1624 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? 148. 216 Document Exercise, Assignment 1. Student ID # 99245875 THE FIRST SUCCESSION ACT, 1534. The Act of Succession 1534 is a statute issued by the English Parliament under the reign of King Henry VIII, which confirmed the annulment of Henry’s marriage to Queen Katherine and validated Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn. Also, through this Act the line of succession moved to the children of his marriage to Anne, or any future marriages, effectively removing Mary, Henry’s only surviving child from his marriage to Katherine of Aragon, as heir. Furthermore, the Act contained a clause that subjects must swear an oath recognising the terms of the Act, any refusal would be held as a treasonable offence. A predominant pre-occupation of Henry during his reign was to establish a clear line of succession for the Tudor dynasty. When his marriage to Catherine of Aragon failed to produce a male heir, Henry became convinced this was punishment under devine law for mar rying his dead brother’s wife (Lotherington, p. 71). He petitioned the Pope for an annulment of the marriage, however the Pope was under the influence of Charles V of Spain, Katherine of Aragon’s nephew, and ultimately refused Henry an annulment (Robinson, 2010). Henry also had ambitions to marry his mistress Anne Boleyn. There followed numerous Acts of Parliament instigated by Henry and his close advisors; beginning with the Act in Restraint of Appeals, which stated that ‘no appeals were to be made from England to Rome in any matters concerning wills, marriages, or payments to the Church; cases were to go no further than the Archbishop’ (Lotherington, p. 4), that paved the way for a break from the papacy enabling Henry to fulfil his personal ambitions. The main claim in relation to grounds for annulment of Henry’s marriage to Katherine was that it was incestuous, therefore illegal, as Katherine had previously been married to Henry’s broth er Arthur, despite Katherine’s solemn claim that her marriage to Arthur had never been consummated (Fraser, pp. 139-40). With the backing of Thomas Cranmer; a key figure in Henry’s reformation policies, (Cranmer had replaced Wolsey as Arch Bishop of Canterbury in 1533 after Wolsey’s failure to obtain for Henry an annulment from the Pope (Lotherington, p. 2). ) Katherine’s claims were disregarded, ‘being before lawful wife to Prince Arthur your elder brother, which by him was carnally known’ (Act of Succession, 1934), thereby allowing Parliament to deem the marriage ‘against the laws of Almighty God’, therefore annulled. The Act goes on to declare the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (secretly married by Thomas Cranmer in January 1533, as Anne was pregnant and Henry was desperate for the child to be legitimate (Fraser, p. 187)), valid. The validation of this marriage on Cranmer’s ‘grounds of judgement’ is said in the Act to be confirmed also by ‘the whole clergy of this realm in both the Convocations, and by both the universities thereof, as by the Universities of Bologna, Padua, Paris, Orleans’ (Levine, 1973). Here again Cranmer’s role in the annulment is significant. It was at the suggestion of Cranmer, before his elevation to Arch-bishop (and possibly partly as a result of), that Henry ‘gather enough support to persuade the Pope of the justice of his cause royal agents were sent to universities across Europe to win backing for the King’s cause’(Lotherington, p. 79). While the support garnered may have been ineffective in persuading the Pope, it is almost certainly used as a persuasion tool to back the validation of the annulment to Katherine; and marriage to Anne. Henry’s ambition to secure a Tudor line of succession aligns in the Act with his marriage to Queen Anne. Accordingly the order of succession went ‘first to the King’s sons by Queen Anne and their heirs, second to the King’s sons by future wives and their heirs, third to Princess Elizabeth. ’ (Levine, 1973). Glaringly obvious in this order of seniority is the absence of Lady Mary, Henry’s only surviving child from his marriage to Katherine. Due to the annulment Mary, the previous rightful heir is omitted from of the line of succession leaving Princess Elizabeth, child of Henry and Anne, heir presumptive. Also contained in Henry’s First Succession Act was a clause whereby all subjects must take an oath swearing to the contents of the Act, refusal would be an act of treason. It also became a treasonable offence to speak, act or write; against the King, against his marriage to Anne, against his heirs by this act (Levine, 1973). Through this clause Henry has laid a pre-emptive strike against anyone who might challenge the legitimacy of his marriage and heirs. Significantly, this highlights Henry’s use of Parliament to ensure his personal ambitions were carried out and demonstrates the shift in subordination of canon law to statute law during Henry’s reign. THE SECOND SUCCESSION ACT, 1536. The Second Succession Act of 1536 (repealing the First Act of Succession, 1534), following the conviction and execution of Anne Boleyn for adultery and treason, cites Parliamentary legitimization of Henry’s marriage to Jane Seymour and the line of succession passing to the lawful issue from this marriage. The Act declared both Henry’s marriage, to Katherine; and to Anne, to be void and also illegitimized the issue from each marriage, this being Mary and Elizabeth. This Act effectively left Henry VIII with no legitimate heir until the birth of Edward in 1537. The Act cites Parliamentary validation for Henry’s next choice of wife, Jane Seymour with praise for her ‘convenient years and pureness of flesh and blood’ (Williams, 1967). This highlights th e unprecedented power of Parliament and King in relation to what had been previously Church matters. In comparison to the First Act, where Henry’s marriage to Queen Anne is ‘solmenized’ by Cranmer, who held the highest church position in England as the Arch Bishop of Canterbury; in the Second Act, Henry’s marriage to Queen Jane is solemnized according to the laws of Holy Church, which by now meant the Church of England; which Henry established and claimed himself to be head of after the Act of Supremacy in 1534 (Lotherington, p. 85). Significantly this highlights the complete break with Rome and the shift in power from papal authority to the unprecedented power of the King, as head of state and church. In the Act, Parliament acknowledges Henry’s perceived ‘intolerable perils’ that he has had to endure through his ‘unlawful’ marriage to Katherine, with the inclusion now also of his ‘unlawful’ marriage to A nne. Significant in the Second Act in regards to Henry’s previous marriage to Katherine, is the comparison of wording with the First Act, in which Parliament deems the marriage to be ‘void and annulled’ (Levine, 1973); in the Second Act Parliament deems the marriage as ‘void and annihilate (Williams, 1967)’. The wording in the First Act acknowledges that a marriage did exist but was revoked due to the lawlessness of the union, the Second Act uses the word ‘annihilate’ implying that the marriage never existed, thereby lending weight to the credibility of the exclusion of Mary as a rightful heir. Again Henry’s pre-occupation with producing a male heir to succeed the throne and ensure a strong stable line of succession is evident in this Act. Albeit the birth of Elizabeth, Henry’s marriage to Anne failed o produce the desired male heir and Henry became disillusioned with Anne’s ability to do so (Fraser, p. 232). The timely execution of Anne Boleyn in 1536 allowed Henry to disentangle himself from his marriage to Anne without a drawn out legal struggle as there had been with Katherine. The only problem that needed to be addressed with regards to this marriage, it seems, was to declare it void, to be able to justify the displacement of Elizabeth as rightful heir and ensure succession to a male heir from his next union, that to Jane Seymour. Hence the inclusion in the Act that any children from either previous marriage ‘.. shall be taken reputed and accepted to be illegitimate and utterly foreclosed excluded and barred to claim challenge or demand any inheritance as lawful heir or heirs to your highness by lineal descent’ (Williams, 1967) in reference to both Mary and Elizabeth. This enforcement by Parliament declaring both Mary and Elizabeth bastards effectively left the King without an heir apparent. However, provision is given in the Act ‘that all issue, hereafter to be had and procreate between your highness and your queen Jane, shall be your lawful children and heirs’ (Williams, 1967), this in conjunction with the repealing of the First Succession Act, established that the next in line of succession would be ‘the first son of your body between your highness and your said lawful wife queen Jane begotten’(Williams, 1967). Henry’s ambitions were realised with the birth of Edward, his son by Queen Jane, in 1537. Significantly, the strategies used by Henry to secure a male heir, of which both the First Succession Act 1534 and Second Succession Act 1536 were part, instigated widespread radical changes in the role of church, state and monarch in England that became known as the ‘Henrician Reformation’ (anon). Ultimately, and perhaps unwittingly of Henry, due to his personal obsession with a male heir, these changes can be questioned as fast-tracking the revolutionary Protestant Reformation in England. BIBLIOGR APHY Levine, First Succession Act, 1534. From 25. Henry VIII cap. 22; Stat Realm iii. 471-4, 1973, pp. 151-53. (provided Course Material), 1973. Lotherington, J. (ed), The Tudor Years, London: Hoddler and Stoughton, 2nd ed. , 2003. Fraser, A. , The Wives of Henry VIII, New York: Alfred A Knopf, Inc. , 1992. Robinson, B. , An Overview of the Reformation, retrieved 25 June 2010 from https://www. bbc. co. uk/history/british/tudors/reformation_overview_0 Williams, The Second Succession Act, 1536. St. 28 Hen. VIII, c. 7 (Stat Realm, III, 655)1967, pp. 452-53. (provided Course Material), 1967. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Henry Viiis Succession Acts" essay for you Create order